Today is July 1, 2023

What happened like today in Greece and the world.

69: Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as emperor.

552: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy. During the battle King Totila is mortally wounded.

1097: The Crusaders led by Prince Voimond I of Taranto defeat the Seljuk army of Kilij Arslan I.

1569: The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign their union. The united country is called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

1766: Young French nobleman François-Jean de la Barre is tortured and beheaded before his body is burned at the stake with a copy of Voltaire’s philosophical dictionary nailed to his body for not saluting a Catholic religious procession in Abbeville.

1770: Comet Lexell passes closer to Earth than any other comet recorded in history, coming within 0.015 AU.

1828: The operation of the Evelpidon Military School begins, under the name “Evelpidon Company”, commanded by the Italian captain Saltali and the superior supervisor by the Bavarian colonel Eidek. The decree of its establishment will be signed later, on December 21, 1828. “Archesthei mathon arhen epistise” is the school’s motto.

1858: Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace present their theories on the evolution of species to the Linnean Society in London.

1863: The Battle of Gettysburg begins during the American Civil War.

1863: Slavery in Suriname is abolished by the Netherlands.

1867: The British North America Act comes into force, creating the Canadian Confederation. This date is celebrated every year in the country as Canada Day.

1873: Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.

1903: The first cycling Tour de France begins.

1913: The armistice treaty between Greece and Bulgaria for the Second Balkan War is signed in Hadzi Beylik. At the same time, Drama is liberated by the Greek Army.

1914: The American John Moody founds the credit rating house Moody’s.

1916: The Battle of the Somme begins, which develops into one of the bloodiest engagements of World War I. It will last until November and the losses on both sides will exceed 1 million.

1921: The Communist Party of China is founded.

1932: Two months after the bankruptcy of Greece, a rally is organized in the Field of Ares against the increases in electricity and water prices. The Gendarmerie attack the gathered and clashes begin that spread throughout the surrounding area.

1933: German businesses are required to pay a certain percentage of their profits to the National Socialist Party under Gleichschaltung, the system of totalitarian control the Nazis imposed on all sectors of society and commerce.

1942: The first battle of El Alamein in World War II begins.

1944: The Bretton Woods Summit begins, under the auspices of the United Nations, to shape the post-war global economic order. It will be decided to set up two new organizations: the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The dollar will replace gold as a medium of international trade.

1957: The International Geophysical Year begins.

1960: Ghana becomes a republic and Kwame Nkrumah becomes its first president, as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom ceases to be head of state.

1960: Somalia gains its independence.

1962: Rwanda and Burundi become independent states.

1963: The British government admits that former diplomat Kim Philby worked as a spy for the Soviet Union.

1967: The European Commission (Commission), which constitutes the “government” of the EEC (now the European Union), begins its operation.

1968: The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons is signed by 62 countries in Washington, London and Moscow.

1972: The famous chess match between the world champion, Soviet Boris Spassky, and the American contender Bobby Fischer begins in Reykjavik, Iceland.

1979: Sony introduces the Walkman.

1991: The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved.

2004: The Greek Men’s national football team move even closer to the ultimate dream of winning Euro 2004 as they beat the Czech Republic 1-0 in the semi-final and advance to the final to face hosts Portugal. Traianos Dellas scored the golden goal for the “blue and white” with a header, at the end of the first half of extra time.

2008: In England smoking is prohibited in all public places.

2013: Croatia becomes the 28th member of the European Union.

2015: The International Monetary Fund has placed Greece in default of payment, as it did not pay the installment of approximately 1.5 billion euros it owed. With the announcement of the EFSF, the European program ends and the country is now without financial coverage.

2015: Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras calls on the citizens to vote “no” in the July 5 referendum, pointing out that this way they will strengthen the government’s negotiation effort, with the aim of a better agreement. “I don’t have a secret plan to exit the country from the euro,” he emphasizes.

2020: The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, responding to recent criticism about the lack of racial diversity among nominees in major Oscar categories, is inviting 819 people to become new members. Of the invitees, 49% are from outside the US, 45% are women, and 36% are non-white.

2020: France is suspending its participation in NATO’s naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea to enforce an arms embargo on Libya, following an investigation into an incident between French and Turkish warships. France accuses the Turkish navy of harassing its warship Courbet while it was trying to inspect a Turkish civilian vessel suspected of violating an arms embargo.

2021: Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is vowing to clamp down on “immoral” social media after allegedly insulting his daughter and son-in-law when they announced the birth of their fourth son on Twitter. Erdogan specifically mentioned Twitter, YouTube and Netflix. Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu announced the arrest of several social media users for “offensive tweets”.

2021: The United Nations World Meteorological Organization confirms that a record high temperature of 18.3 °C was recorded in Antarctica at the Esperanza base.

Births

965 – Alhazen, Arab astronomer and physicist

1481 – Christian II, King of Denmark

1534 – Frederick II, King of Denmark

1568 – Philip Sigismund of Wolfenbitel, German bishop

1646 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, German mathematician

1788 – Jean-Victor Poncelet, French mathematician

1804 – Georgia Sandi, French writer

1849 – Argyris Eftaliotis, Greek writer

1868 – Chrysostomos I, archbishop of Athens

1899 – Charles Lawton, English actor

1899 – Konstantinos Tsatsos, Greek politician

1902 – William Weiler, German director

1906 – Estee Lauder, American businesswoman

1915 – Willie Dixon, American musician

1916 – Olivia de Havilland, British actress

1920 – Lucidio Sentimenti, Italian football player

1921 – Seretse Hama, apolitical from Botswana

1934 – Sidney Pollack, American director

1941 – John Bani, president of Vanuatu

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1950 – David Duke, American politician

1952 – Yagi Boni, president of Benin

1953 – Lawrence Gonzi, Maltese politician

1953 – Jadranka Kosor, Croatian politician

1961 – Carl Lewis, American athlete

1961 – Diana Frances, Princess of Wales

1967 – Pamela Anderson, Canadian actress and model

1970 – Nikos Samaras, Greek volleyball player

1972 – Paris Valvi, Greek football player

1974 – Christos Dimitrakopoulos, Greek volleyball player

1975 – Sufyan Stevens, American songwriter

1976 – Patrick Kluifert, Dutch soccer player

1976 – Ruud van Nistelrooy, Dutch football player

1977 – Liv Tyler, American actress and model

1979 – Christos Holidis, Greek singer

1982 – Hilary Burton, American actress

1985 – Lea Seydoux, French actress

1989 – Daniel Ricciardo, Australian racing driver

1990 – Jeremy Irvine, English actor

Deaths

552 – Totila, king of the Ostrogoths

1348 – Joanna, Princess of England

1592 – Marc’Antonio Ingenieri, Italian composer

1614 – Isaac Cajobon, French scholar

1736 – Ahmed III, Ottoman sultan

1839 – Mahmut II, Ottoman sultan

1860 – Charles Goodyear, American inventor

1873 – Theophilos, archbishop of Athens and all Greece

1876 ​​– Mikhail Bakunin, Russian anarchist

1896 – Harriet Beecher Stowe, American writer

1904 – George Frederick Watts, English painter and sculptor

1923 – Konstantinos Theotokis, Greek writer

1934 – Ernst Rehm, German soldier

1942 – Stavros Aspradakis, Greek resistance fighter

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1954 – Thea von Harbu, German actress

1961 – Louis-Ferdinand Celine, French writer

1966 – Emmanuel Loulakakis, Greek jurist and politician

1971 – William Lawrence Bragg, British physicist

1974 – Juan Peron, Argentine military and politician

1975 – Georgios Katsafados, Greek doctor and politician

1978 – Kurt Student, German soldier

1981 – Marcel Breuer, Hungarian architect and furniture designer

1983 – Richard Buckminster Fuller, American architect and philosopher

1990 – Demosthenes Goulas, Greek politician and writer

1991 – Joachim Kroll, German assassin

1991 – Michael Landon, American actor

1995 – Toshi Yoshida, Japanese wood engraver

1997 – Dimitris Kalamaras, Greek sculptor

1997 – Robert Mitchum, American actor

2000 – Walter Matthau, American actor

2001 – Nikolai Basov, Russian physicist

2001 – Takis Pappas, Greek lawyer and resistance fighter

2002 – Mikhail Krug, Russian singer

2004 – Marlon Brando, American actor

2009 – Karl Malden, American actor

2018 – Jesse ShoeGreek actress